BazEkon - The Main Library of the Cracow University of Economics

BazEkon home page

Main menu

Author
Nartowski Robert O. (University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom), Huby Lucy (University of the Highlands and Islands, United Kingdom), Topham Ruairidh, Golen Szymon (University of Aberdeen, United Kingdom), Brückner Katrin, Hanigan Gavin, Saleem Hazim, Bielska Iwona A. (McMaster University, Canada), Shepherd Paul O., Feltis Stuart
Title
From 'Herd Immunity' to 'Stay Home' to 'Stay Alert': United Kingdom's Response to COVID-19
Source
Zdrowie Publiczne i Zarządzanie, 2020, t. 18, nr 1, s. 46-58, bibliogr. 110 poz.
Keyword
Pandemia, COVID-19, Zdrowie publiczne, Polityka zdrowotna, Polityka publiczna
Pandemic, COVID-19, Public health, Health care policy, Public policy
Note
summ.
Country
Wielka Brytania, Anglia, Szkocja, Walia, Irlandia Północna
United Kingdom, England, Scotland, Wales, Northern Ireland
Abstract
The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has resulted in various public health responses around the globe. Due to the devolved powers of the United Kingdom, the response has been centralized but simultaneously greatly differing across England, Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. The following article examines the governmental responses to the outbreak, the public health measures taken, data collection and statistics, protective equipment and bed capacity, the society's response, and lastly, the easing of the lockdown restrictions. In terms of the governmental response, the COVID-19 pandemic was initially met with less urgency and social distancing, along with the development of herd immunity, were first mentioned. As the virus continued to spread, the government started imposing stricter measures and a lockdown was implemented. Tests were conducted using a five pillar typology. The collection of information, particularly on COVID-19 associated deaths, varied across the United Kingdom and among the governmental organizations due to differing definitions. In term of hospital bed availability, the rate of hospitalizations was the highest from late March to early April of 2020. Temporary hospitals were constructed, however, they mostly went unused. The United Kingdom society was generally compliant in adapting to the lockdown and trust in the government rose. Nonetheless, as the lockdown progressed, trust in the government began to fall. After several months, the rate of infection decreased and the lockdown in the United Kingdom was lifted in accordance with 'Our plan to rebuild: The United Kingdom Government's COVID-19 recovery strategy'. The slogan 'Stay at Home. Protect the NHS. Save Lives' was replaced with 'Stay alert. Control the virus. Save lives'. (original abstract)
Full text
Show
Bibliography
Show
  1. UK Government, Press release, Change to China Travel Advice, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/change-to-china-traveladvice#:~:text=In%20light%20of%20the%20latest,but%20essential%20travel%20to%20Wuhan 2020 (accessed: 13.06.2020).
  2. Reuters, Britain advises against all travel to China's Hubei province, https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-china-health-britainidUKKBN1ZO0SW2020 (accessed: 13.06.2020).
  3. GrimsbyLive, How to avoid catching and spreading coronavirus - government health campaign launched, https://www.grimsbytelegraph.co.uk/news/health/how-avoid-catching-spreading-coronavirus-3802932 2020 (accessed: 13.06.2020).
  4. Moss P., Barlow G, Easom N., Lillie P., Samson A., Lessons for managing high-consequence infections from first COVID-19 cases in the UK, "The Lancet" 2020, https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(20)30463-3.pdf, 2020 (accessed: 20.06.2020).
  5. UK Government, Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the UK, https://coronavirus.data.gov.uk/#category=nations&map=rate, 2020 (accessed: 09.06.2020).
  6. Population Health Directorate, Coronavirus (COVID-19): Trends in Daily Data, https://www.gov.scot/publications/coronavirus-covid-19-trends-in-daily-data/, 2020 (accessed: 09.07.2020).
  7. Public Health Wales, Rapid COVID-19 Surveillance, https://public.tableau.com/profile/public.health.wales.health.protection#!/vizhome/RapidCOVID-19virology-Public/Headlinesummary, 2020 (accessed: 09.07.2020).
  8. N.I. Department of Health, Coronavirus Digest, https://www.health-ni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/health/db-310520.pdf, 2020 (accessed: 20.06.2020).
  9. Ministry of Housing, Communities and Local Government, Communities Secretary's Statement on Coronavirus (COVID-19): 31 May 2020, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/communities-secretarys-statement-on-coronavirus-covid-19-31-may-2020, 2020 (accessed: 02.06.2020).
  10. Office for National Statistics, Estimates of the Population for the UK, England and Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland, 2020 (accessed: 09.07.2020).
  11. BBC News, Coronavirus: Woman in 70s Becomes First Virus Fatality in UK, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-51759602, 2020 (accessed: 02.06.2020).
  12. Department of Health and Social Affairs and Public Health England, Coronavirus Cases in the UK: Daily Updated Statistics, https://www.gov.uk/guidance/coronavirus-covid-19-information-for-the-public#history, 2020 (accessed: 09.07.2020).
  13. National Records of Scotland, Deaths Involving Coronavirus (COVID-19) up to 5th July 2020, https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/covid19/covid-deaths-infographic-week-27.pdf, 2020 (accessed: 09.07.2020).
  14. BBC News, Coronavirus deaths: How big is the epidemic in care homes?, https://www.bbc.com/news/health-52284281, 2020 (accessed: 02.07.2020).
  15. Bevan, Gwyn et al, The four health systems of the United Kingdom: how do they compare?, Nuffieldtrust, https://www.nuffieldtrust.org.uk/files/2017-01/4-countries-report-web-final.pdf, 2014 (accessed: 14.06.2020).
  16. Department of Health and Social Care, Statement from the 4 UK Chief Medical Officers On Novel Coronavirus, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/statement-from-the-four-uk-chief-medical-officers-on-novel-coronavirus, 2020 (accessed: 24.05.2020).
  17. The King's Fund, How is the NHS structured?, https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/audio-video/how-is-nhs-structured-funding-flow, 2020 (accessed: 14.06.2020).
  18. UK Government, Public Health England, https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/public-health-england, 2020 (accessed: 14.06.2020).
  19. NHS Scotland, Organisations, https://www.scot.nhs.uk/organisations/, 2020 (accessed: 18.06.2020).
  20. NHS Wales, Health in Wales, http://www.wales.nhs.uk/nhswalesaboutus/structure, 2020 (accessed: 18.06.2020).
  21. Health and Social Care Northern Ireland, HSC Structure, http://online.hscni.net/home/hsc-structure/, 2020 (accessed: 13.06.2020).
  22. Institute for Government, Chief Medical Officer, https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainers/chief-medical-officer, 2020 (accessed: 17.06.2020).
  23. Department of Health and Social Care, About Us, https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/department-of-health-andsocial-care/about, 2020 (accessed: 28.05.2020).
  24. S.A.G.E., About Us, https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/scientific-advisory-group-for-emergencies/about, 2020 (accessed: 28.05.2020).
  25. UK Government, SAGE meetings, https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/sage-meetings-january-2020, 2020 (accessed: 18.06.2020).
  26. Government Office for Science, List of Participants of SAGE and Related Sub-Groups, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/scientific-advisory-group-for-emergencies-sage-coronavirus-covid-19-response-membership/list-of-participants-ofsage-and-related-sub-groups, 2020 (accessed: 28.05.2020).
  27. Department of Health and Social Care, CMO for England statement on the Wuhan novel coronavirus, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/cmo-for-england-statement-on-the-wuhan-novel-coronavirus, 2020 (accessed: 25.06.2020).
  28. UK Government, SPI-M-O: Consensus statement on 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19), 2 March 2020, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/spi-m-o-consensus-statement-on-2019-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-2-march-2020, 2020 (accessed: 13.06.2020).
  29. Department of Health and Social Care, Coronavirus Action Plan: A Guide to What you can expect across the UK, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/coronavirus-action-plan/coronavirus-action-plan-a-guide-to-what-you-can-expect-across-theuk, 2020 (accessed: 28.05.2020).
  30. ITV News, Coronavirus: Boris Johnson Announces UK Government's Plan to Tackle Virus Spread ITV News, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2U1YoKujYeY, 2020 (accessed: 02.07.2020).
  31. Prime Minister's Office 10 Downing Street, Prime Minister's statement on coronavirus (COVID-19): 3 March 2020, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-statement-at-coronavirus-press-conference-3-march-2020, 2020 (accessed: 10.06.2020).
  32. UK Government, SPI-B: Insights on self-isolation and household isolation, 9 March 2020, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/spi-b-insights-on-self-isolation-and-household-isolation-9-march-2020, 2020 (accessed: 12.06.2020).
  33. UK Government, SPI-M-O: Consensus view on public gatherings 11 February 2020, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/spi-m-o-consensus-view-on-public-gatherings-11-february-2020, 2020 (accessed: 11.06.2020).
  34. UK Government, SAGE discussion on London lockdown, 18 March 2020, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/sagediscussion-on-london-lockdown-18-march-2020, 2020 (accessed: 13.06.2020).
  35. BBC News, Coronavirus: UK changes course amid death toll fears, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-51915302, 2020 (accessed: 18.06.2020).
  36. Guardian News, Coronavirus: Boris Johnson Asks Britons to Stop 'non-essential contact', https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=REEjXMeW7c4, 2020 (accessed: 02.06.2020).
  37. Telegraph, The story behind 'Stay Home, Protect the NHS, Save Lives' - the slogan that was 'too successful, https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2020/05/01/story-behind-stay-home-protect-nhs-save-lives/, 2020 (accessed: 18.06.2020).
  38. UK Government, Options for increasing adherence to social distancing measures, 22 March 2020, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/options-for-increasing-adherence-to-social-distancing-measures-22-march-2020, 2020 (accessed: 18.06.2020).
  39. Prime Minister's Office 10 Downing Street, New PM Address to the Nation on Coronavirus: 23 March 2020, https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/pm-address-to-the-nation-on-coronavirus-23-march-2020, 2020 (accessed: 20.06.2020).
  40. UK Government, Coronavirus Act 2020, https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2020/7/contents/enacted, 2020 (accessed: 15.06.2020).
  41. UK Government, What the Coronavirus Bill will do, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/coronavirus-bill-what-itwill-do/what-the-coronavirus-bill-will-do, 2020 (accessed: 13.06.2020).
  42. UK Government, Two-monthly report on the status on the non-devolved provisions of the Coronavirus Act 2020: May 2020, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/coronavirus-act-report-may-2020/two-monthly-report-on-the-status-of-the-nondevolved-provisions-of-the-coronavirus-act-2020-may-2020, 2020 (accessed: 13.06.2020).
  43. Brown J., Coronavirus: the lockdown laws, House of Commons Library (16 July 2020), https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-8875/, 2020 (accessed: 18.07.2020).
  44. The Scottish Government, Coronavirus (COVID-19): framework for decision making, https://www.gov.scot/publications/coronavirus-covid-19-framework-decision-making/pages/9/, 2020 (accessed: 16.06.2020).
  45. The Scottish Government, Scottish Government COVID-19 Advisory Group minutes: 26 March 2020, https://www.gov.scot/publications/scottish-government-covid-19-advisory-group-minutes-26-march-2020/, 2020 (accessed: 16.06.2020).
  46. Scottish Parliament, The Health Protection (Coronavirus) (Restrictions) (Scotland) Regulations 2020, https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2020/103/contents/made, 2020 (accessed: 16.06.2020).
  47. Police Scotland, New Police Powers, https://www.scotland.police.uk/about-us/covid-19-policescotlandresponse/new-policepowers, 2020 (accessed 16.06.2020).
  48. BBC News, Coronavirus: Face coverings to become mandatory in Scottish shops, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-53252760, 2020 (accessed: 16.07.2020).
  49. Welsh Government, Technical Advisory Cell: Terms of Reference, https://gov.wales/technical-advisory-cell/terms-reference, 2020 (accessed: 28.05.2020).
  50. Legislation.gov.uk, The Health Protection (Coronavirus Restrictions) (Wales) Regulations 2020, https://www.legislation.gov.uk/wsi/2020/353/introduction/made, 2020 (accessed: 14.06.2020).
  51. Northern Ireland Department of Health, The Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (Northern Ireland) Regulations 2020, https://www.health-ni.gov.uk/publications/health-protection-coronavirus-restrictions-northern-ireland-regulations-2020, 2020 (accessed: 14.06.2020).
  52. Northern Ireland Assembly, Coronavirus (COVID-19) and the Role of the Northern Ireland Assembly, http://www.niassembly.gov.uk/assembly-business/the-assembly-and-covid-19/, 2020 (accessed: 12.06.2020).
  53. Northern Irish Executive, Coronavirus: Executive Approach to Decision-Making, https://www.executiveof-fice-ni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/execoffice/execuitveour-approach-to-decision-making.pdf, 2020 (accessed: 28.05.2020).
  54. Northern Irish Executive, Memorandum of Understanding: COVID-19 Response - Public Health Cooperation on an All-Ireland Basis Between: The Department of Health, Ireland (and Its Agencies) and The Department of Health, Northern Ireland (and Its Agencies), https://www.health-ni.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/health/MOU-NI-RoI-Covid-19.pdf, 2020 (accessed: 28.05.2020).
  55. UK Government, PHE novel coronavirus diagnostic test rolled out across UK, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/phe-novel-coronavirus-diagnostic-test-rolled-out-across-uk, 2020 (accessed: 15.06.2020).
  56. UK Government, Testing for coronavirus (COVID-19) will increase to 25,000 a day, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/testing-for-coronavirus-covid-19-will-increase-to-25-000-a-day, 2020 (accessed: 15.06.2020).
  57. UK Government, UK reaches 200,000 coronavirus testing capacity target a day early, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-reaches-200000-coronavirus-testing-capacity-target-a-day-early, 2020 (accessed: 15.06.2020).
  58. UK Government, Government launches NHS Test and Trace service, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-launches-nhs-test-and-trace-service, 2020 (accessed: 15.06.2020).
  59. UK Government, Health Secretary calls on country to get tested as access is expanded even further, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/health-secretary-calls-on-country-to-get-tested-as-access-is-expanded-even-further, 2020 (accessed: 15.06.2020).
  60. Ministry of Defence, COVID Support Force: The MOD's Contribution to the Coronavirus Response, https://www.gov.uk/guidance/covid-support-force-the-mods-contribution-to-the-coronavirus-response, 2020 (accessed: 29.06.2020).
  61. UK Government, Government begins large-scale virus infection and antibody test study, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/government-begins-large-scale-virus-infection-and-antibody-test-study, 2020 (accessed: 15.07.2020).
  62. Department of Health, Detailed Guide: Number of Coronavirus (Covid-19) Cases and Risk in the UK, http://www.govwire.co.uk/news/department-of-health/guidance-coronavirus-covid-19-travellers-exempt-from-border-rules-in-england-scotland-and-northern-ireland-47269, 2020 (accessed: 09.07.2020).
  63. Department of Health and Social Care, COVID-19 testing data: methodology note, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/coronavirus-covid-19-testing-data-methodology/covid-19-testing-data-methodology-note, 2020 (accessed: 09.06.2020).
  64. UK Government, Health Secretary sets out plan to carry out 100,000 coronavirus tests a day, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/health-secretary-sets-out-plan-to-carry-out-100000-coronavirus-tests-a-day, 2020 (accessed: 15.06.2020).
  65. UK Government, Coronavirus (COVID-19) in the UK, https://coronavirus.data.gov.uk/#category=regions&map=rate&area=e12000007, 2020 (accessed: 01.07.2020).
  66. ONS, Deaths involving COVID-19, England and Wales: deaths occurring in May 2020, https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/bulletins/deathsinvolvingcovid19englandandwales/deathsoccurringinmay, 2020 (accessed: 17.07.2020).
  67. National Records of Scotland, Deaths Involving Coronavirus (COVID-19) up to 31st May 2020, https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/covid19/covid-deaths-infographic-week-22.pdf, 2020 (accessed: 14.07.2020).
  68. ONS, The different uses of figures on deaths related to COVID-19 published by DHSC and the ONS, https://www.ons.gov.uk/news/statementsandletters/thedifferentusesoffiguresondeathsfromcovid19publishedbydhscandtheons, 2020 (accessed: 17.07.2020).
  69. NHS England, COVID-19 Daily Deaths, https://www.england.nhs.uk/statistics/statistical-work-areas/covid-19-daily-deaths/, 2020 (accessed: 09.07.2020).
  70. National Records Scotland, Deaths involving coronavirus (COVID-19) in Scotland, https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/statistics-and-data/statistics/statistics-by-theme/vital-events/general-publications/weekly-and-monthly-data-on-births-and-deaths/deaths-involving-coronavirus-covid-19-in-scotland/archive, 2020 (accessed: 01.07.2020).
  71. Provisional statistics, Statistical bulletin, Weekly Deaths in Northern Ireland, Death Registration Statistics including COVID-19 by Date of Death, Week ending 5th June 2020 (Week 22), Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency https://www.nisra.gov.uk/sites/nisra.gov.uk/files/publications/Historical%20Weekly%20Deaths%20Bulletin%20-%20Week%20ending%2005th%20June%202020.pdf, 2020 (accessed: 06.07.2020).
  72. National Records of Scotland, Deaths Involving Coronavirus (COVID-19) up to 7th June 2020, https://www.nrscotland.gov.uk/files//statistics/covid19/covid-deaths-infographic-week-23.pdf, 2020 (accessed: 14.06.2020).
  73. Department of Health and Social Care, COVID-19: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) Plan, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/coronavirus-covid-19-personal-protective-equipment-ppe-plan/covid-19-personal-protective-equipment-ppe-plan, 2020 (accessed: 08.07.2020).
  74. BBC News, UK Failed to Stockpile Crucial Protective Kit, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/newsbeat-52440641, 2020 (accessed: 25.05.2020).
  75. NHS England, Bed Availability and Occupancy Data - Overnight, https://www.england.nhs.uk/statistics/statistical-work-areas/bed-availability-and-occupancy/bed-data-overnight/, 2020 (accessed: 10.07.2020).
  76. Public Health Scotland, Acute hospital activity and NHS beds information (quarterly), https://beta.isdscotland.org/find-publications-and-data/health-services/hospital-care/acute-hospital-activity-and-nhs-beds-information-quarterly/26-may-2020/data-summary/, 2020 (accessed: 11.07.2020).
  77. StatsWales, NHS beds summary data by year, https://statswales.gov.wales/Catalogue/Health-and-Social-Care/NHS-Hospital-Activity/NHS-Beds/nhsbedssummarydata-by-year, 2020 (accessed: 12.07.2020).
  78. Northern Irish Department of Health, Publication of 'Northern Ireland Hospital Statistics: Inpatient, Day Case and Outpatient Activity Statistics, https://www.health-ni.gov.uk/news/publication-northern-ireland-hospital-statistics-inpatient-day-case-and-outpatient-activity, 2020 (accessed: 11.07.2020).
  79. West D., NHS Hospitals Have Four Times More Empty Beds Than Normal, https://www.hsj.co.uk/acute-care/nhs-hospitals-have-four-times-more-empty-beds-than-normal/7027392.article, 2020 (accessed: 27.06.2020).
  80. BBC News, Coronavirus: Nightingale Hospital opens at London's ExCel centre, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52150598, 2020 (accessed: 08.06.2020).
  81. Astbury-Ward E., NHS Nightingale Hospitals: Agile Response to COVID-19 or a White Elephant?, https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/929778, 2020 (accessed: 08.07.2020).
  82. BBC, Coronavirus: 'Herculean effort' to provide NHS protective gear, https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-52248423, 2020 (accessed: 07.07.2020).
  83. BBC News, Nightingale Hospital in London Placed on Standby, https://www.bbc.com/news/health-52531845, 2020 (accessed: 08.07.2020).
  84. UK Government, 30 May 2020 Prime Minister's Press Conference, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/888823/2020-05-30_COVID-19_Press_Conference_Slides.pdf, 2020 (accessed: 09.07.2020).
  85. Department of Health, Management Information relating to Admissions to HSC Trust Hospitals in Northern Ireland in 2019 and 2020 for the period 9th March to 17th April, https://www.health-ni.gov.uk/publications/management-information-relating-admissions-hsc-trust-hospitals-northern-ireland-2019-and-2020-period, 2020 (accessed: 15.07.2020).
  86. YouGov, Government Approval, https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/trackers/government-approval, 2020 (accessed: 04.07.2020).
  87. BBC News, What Is The Dominic Cummings Scandal About?, https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-52811168, 2020 (accessed: 04.07.2020).
  88. Sky News, Coronavirus: 'Vague' Government Advice Criticised as Employers Told to Prepare for End of Lockdown, https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-critical-that-employers-offer-safe-workplaces-post-lockdown-says-matt-hancock-11983271, 2020 (accessed: 04.07.2020).
  89. Fletcher R., Kalogeropoulos A., Nielsen R.K., Trust in UK government and news media COVID-19 information down, concerns over misinformation from government and politicians up. Reuters Institute, University of Oxford 2020.
  90. YouGov, One in Five Have Started Breaking Lockdown Rules More Following Cummings Saga, https://yougov.co.uk/topics/health/articles-reports/2020/06/03/one-five-have-started-breaking-lockdown-rules-more, 2020 (accessed: 04.07.2020).
  91. UCL, More than half of young adults not 'strictly' sticking to lockdown guidelines. [online] UCL News, https://www.ucl.ac.uk/news/2020/may/more-half-young-adults-not-strictly-sticking-lockdown-guidelines, 2020 (accessed: 27.06.2020).
  92. The Guardian, Police Vow to Break Up Planned Anti-Lockdown Protests in UK Cities, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/may/14/police-vow-to-break-up-planned-anti-lockdown-protests-in-uk-cities, 2020 (accessed: 04.06.2020).
  93. The Independent, Inside The UK's Biggest Anti-Lockdown Protest, https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/coronavirus-lockdown-protests-uk-london-hyde-park-5g-conspiracy-theories-a9518506.html, 2020 (accessed: 04.06.2020).
  94. Dolan S., High Court Hears Legality of the Government's Lockdown Measures, https://www.lawyer-monthly.com/2020/07/high-court-hears-legality-of-the-governments-lockdown-measures/, 2020 (accessed: 11.07.2020).
  95. Dolan S., Join the Legal Challenge to the UK Govt Lockdown, https://www.crowdjustice.com/case/lockdownlegalchallenge/, 2020 (accessed: 10.07.2020).
  96. YouGov, COVID-19: Has Lockdown Been Worth It?, https://yougov.co.uk/topics/health/articles-reports/2020/06/23/covid-19-has-lockdown-been-worth-it, 2020 (accessed: 04.07.2020).
  97. YouGov, Loosening Lockdown: The Public View, https://yougov.co.uk/topics/politics/articles-reports/2020/06/24/loosening-lockdown-public-view, 2020 (accessed: 04.07.2020).
  98. Sky News, Coronavirus: Britons Would Strongly Back Second Lockdown If COVID-19 Cases Spike, Poll Reveals, https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-britons-would-strongly-back-second-lockdown-if-covid-19-cases-spike-poll-reveals-12019957, 2020 (accessed: 04.07.2020).
  99. Clear Channel UK, It's Best to Check, https://twitter.com/clearchanneluk/status/1265274251365568512, 2020 (accessed: 08.06.2020).
  100. Teenage Cancer Trust, Don't Sit On Cancer Symptoms: It's #Besttocheck, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-jw2TR7ZLQc&feature=emb_title, 2020 (accessed: 28.05.2020).
  101. Teenage Cancer Trust, The Five Most Common Cancer Warning Signs in Young People, https://www.teenagecancertrust.org/advice/common-cancer-warning-signs, 2020 (accessed: 08.06.2020).
  102. Guardian News, Boris Johnson's address on next phase of coronavirus lockdown, https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=2&v=PPhf8LfrS_c&feature=emb_logo, 2020 (accessed: 25.06.2020).
  103. Spanier G., Campaign, Government unveils 'Stay alert' as new coronavirus messaging, https://www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/government-unveils-stay-alert-new-coronavirus-messaging/1682730, 2020 (accessed: 25.06.2020).
  104. BBC News, Coronavirus: How does the Covid-19 alert level system work?, https://www.bbc.com/news/explainers-52634739, 2020 (accessed: 25.06.2020).
  105. UK Government, Our plan to rebuild: The UK Government's COVID-19 recovery strategy, https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/our-plan-to-rebuild-the-uk-governments-covid-19-recovery-strategy, 2020 (accessed: 25.06.2020).
  106. Prime Minister's Office 10 Downing Street, PM announces easing of lockdown restrictions: 23 June 2020, https://www.gov.uk/government/news/pm-announces-easing-of-lockdown-restrictions-23-june-2020, 2020 (accessed: 10.07.2020).
  107. Scottish Government, Coronavirus (COVID-19): Scotland's route map through and out of the crisis, https://www.gov.scot/publications/coronavirus-covid-19-framework-decision-making-scotlands-route-map-through-out-crisis/, 2020 (accessed: 11.07.2020).
  108. Torjesen I., Covid-19: England plan to ease lockdown is 'confusing' and 'risky', BMJ, https://www.bmj.com/content/369/bmj.m1877, 2020 (accessed: 12.07.2020).
  109. Welsh Government, Leading Wales out of the coronavirus pandemic: a framework for recovery, https://gov.wales/leadingwales-out-coronavirus-pandemic-html, 2020 (accessed: 12.07.2020).
  110. Northern Ireland Executive, Coronavirus Our Approach to Decision Making, https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/sites/default/files/publications/OUR_APPROACH_DOCUMENT_SUMMARY_12-05-2020.pdf, 2020 (accessed: 12.07.2020).
Cited by
Show
ISSN
1731-7398
Language
eng
URI / DOI
http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/20842627OZ.20.004.12658
Share on Facebook Share on Twitter Share on Google+ Share on Pinterest Share on LinkedIn Wyślij znajomemu