- Author
- Kondrasiuk Stanisław (UMCS w Lublinie)
- Title
- Zmiany strukturalne w rolnictwie RFN w latach 1949-1982
Strukturnye izmeneniâ v selʹskom hozâjstve FRT v gody 1949-1982 - Source
- Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio H. Oeconomia, 1986, vol. 20, s. 107-129
- Keyword
- Rolnictwo, Zmiany strukturalne, Zatrudnienie, Gospodarka narodowa, Sytuacja gospodarcza, Gospodarstwa rolne, Mechanizacja rolnictwa, Polityka rolna
Agriculture, Structural changes, Employment, National economy, Economic situation, Arable farm, Agricultural mechanization, Agricultural policy - Note
- summ., rez.
- Abstract
- Rozwój gospodarczy RFN jest jednym z ciekawszych zjawisk ekonomicznych po II wojnie światowej *. Wielu ekonomistów i polityków gospodarczych zadawało sobie pytanie, "(...) jak mogło dojść do tego, aby państwo totalnie pokonane militarnie i politycznie potrafiło w tak krótkim okresie nie tylko odzyskać dawne, przedwojenne pozycje, ale nawet - i to w trudnych warunkach wywołanych radykalnymi zmianami na ziemiach dawnej III Rzeszy i w innych częściach Europy oraz poza nią - wydźwignąć się na pierwsze miejsce w Europie Zachodniej i stać się obok Stanów Zjednoczonych jednym z najsilniejszych członków sojuszów zachodnich." Odnosi się to przede wszystkim do rozwoju przemysłowego, ale i osiągnięcia rozwoju rolniczego RFN są dość znaczne. Ponadto, wydaje się, że przykład rozwoju rolnictwa RFN (mimo różnic ustrojowych, historycznych, rynkowo-gospodarczych, w tradycji rolnej psycho-społecznych, itp.) może stanowić użyteczny punkt odniesień dla przemyśleń dotyczących stosowania określonych narzędzi i instrumentów polityki rolnej - służących kształtowaniu pożądanej struktury rolnictwa polskiego.(fragment tekstu)
The author considers structural changes in the agriculture of West Germany in the years 1949-1982. The article consists of five inter-conditioned groups of problems illustrating those changes. In the first group, the author attempts to characterize general conditions of the beginnings and growth of West-German agriculture in the post-war period. It follows from the analysis that West German agriculture as compared with the agriculture of former central provinces (now the territory of East Germany) and Eastern provinces (the areas incorporated again to Poland after W.W. II) had a significant superiority already before the war as regards conditions of its development. This resulted mainly from better soil and climatic conditions and from faster tempo of industrialization. It was also afetr the war that fast development of industry in West Germany, and especially in such branches as machine, chemical, energetic industries, building trade, transportation, etc. determined definite structural vhanges which took place in agriculture. What is meant here is first of all evolution of employment, changes in agrarian structure, income situation and transformations which took place in agriculture in consequence of technological progress. This problem is discussed in the following points of the article. A characteristic feature of the evolution of employment in the agriculture of West Germany in the whole period between 1949 and 1982 is drop (by 3,5 times) of its level. By 1970 the group of hired workers had been the fastest to decrease, whereas in the years 1970-1980 this was true about the group of members of families of farm owners. As a result of the crisis of the 1970s, one can notice a clear drop in the speed of decrease of employment of private and hired manpower in agriculture, whereas there is a growing tendency in the drop of employment of seasonal manpower. The greatest intensity of employment drop in that period was characteristic of small and medium-size farms. The outflow of agricultural population to the jons outside agriculture is connected with changes in agrarian structure. A characteristic feature of this evolution are changes in the size and area structure of the farms. In the years 1949-1982, the number of farms decreased from 1 646 800 to 764100 that is by 882 700. This means that every year, 26 750 farms were liquidated through area concentration and unions. It had a significant influence on the evolution of area structure of the farms. At the beginning of the 1950s, three of four farms had an area lower than 10 ha UR, whereas in 1982, every other farm covered the area of above 10ha UR. During the whole period one can notice the phenomenon of disparitet of income between the level of incomes from labour in agriculture and industry. Incomes in agriculture were by about 25% lower than incomes in industry, and the absolute difference between these incomes increased to the disadvantage of agriculture. It should be stressed that the income situation was differentiated depending on the type and size of farms. In the years 1971-1981, income increase is an farm was accompanied by simultaneous, differentiated increase of the mean area of the farm (depending on the type) which had its influence on differences in incomes falling per Iha UR. In the case of farms biased mainly on marketable production of agricultural products and farms growing animals, increase of income was to a greater degree associated with increase of the mean area of these farms, wihicl\ is proved by slight rise of incomes falling on Iha UR in these farms -(respectively, 7,8% and 6,4%). Also in the other types of farms (although to a smaller degree) one could notice a similar phenomenon of income rise. It means an ''extensive" (through increase of the mean area of the farm) process of increasing profitability of particular farm types. The income situation in farms influences the spread of introducing technological progress in agriculture, which in the conditions of West German agriculture began with intensive mechanization of field works. Its strength and intensity is proved by the war period (in 1939 - 20.000 tractors, in 1981 - 1.463.000 tractors). Mechanization caused a spread of the range of marketable production, increase of specialization, acceleration of the process of land concentration, changes in the relation: capital - manpower, and at the same time influenced increase -of capital absorptiveness of agricultural production. The spread of those changes is, houfever. much slower than it could seem on the basis of the possibilities crdated by the level of science and agricultural technology in West Germany. It seems that this is an objective, technological-economic indicator of perspective directions and goals of agricultural policy of West Germany, characterization of which (in the context of interio and exterior conditions on the market) is attempted by the author in the last point of the article.(original abstract) - Accessibility
- The Library of Warsaw School of Economics
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- Bibliography
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- Cited by
- ISSN
- 0459-9586
- Language
- pol
