BazEkon - Biblioteka Główna Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie

BazEkon home page

Meny główne

Autor
Handszuh Henryk F.
Tytuł
Prospects and Policies for Tourism in Its Geopolitical Context
Źródło
Folia Turistica / Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego im. B. Czecha w Krakowie, 2023, nr 60, s. 15-58, bibliogr. 59 poz.
Tytuł własny numeru
Tourism Policy: International and Global Perspective
Słowa kluczowe
Turystyka, Geopolityka, Rewolucja przemysłowa, Konsumpcja
Tourism, Geopolitics, Industrial revolution, Consumption
Uwagi
summ.
Firma/Organizacja
Światowa Organizacja Turystyki (UNWTO)
World Tourism Organization (UNWTO)
Abstrakt
Purpose. In yet another attempt to analyse the tourism phenomenon in perspective, the aim of this paper is not necessarily to predict the quantitative future of tourism worldwide. It is rather to review the circumstances and mechanisms in their geopolitical context, by which it may, or even must, evolve in the mid- and long-term. This is due to its importance for contemporary society and the barriers to its further growth. It then pretends to recall the expectations deposited in tourism, for example, on the establishment of the World Tourism Organization, and to review the very meaning and essence of tourism as part of the movements of persons, when confronted with policies or their lack in this area. General prospects and challenges of tourism are briefly addressed from the demand, supply, trade and investment perspectives, as viewed from respective international organizations and its principal geopolitical actors, notably Europe and her "overseas extensions" (also China).
Methods. Critical analysis and clarification of the apparently established views about tourism and its nature, based on the author`s work experience in relation to this activity: as a tour leader, government official, international civil servant and academic lecturer. The said analysis is supported by scrutiny regarding the relevant parts of tourism policy documents produced over years by international organizations.
Findings. In a follow-up to the escalating health, economic, social and environmental crises affecting the world community, tourism, as a consumption, production, trade and investment activity, should not continue by following the rule of "business-as-usual". When reconsidered as an intrinsic part of the entire economy and social life, it rather requires, alongside and not apart from, other human activities, to be essentially, politically, structurally and gradually, if not radically, intervened. This should result from international agreement among constituencies at large - governments, industry - the private sector, civil society - patronised by international organizations.
Research and conclusions limitations. The findings represent a personal expert opinion verified by desk research of activities undertaken by international organizations. The veracity of the suggested recommendations would require response, validation and constructive action of the parties and the big players concerned in the field of tourism, to result from their continuous and constructive dialogue.
Practical implications. Contribution to the international debate on tourism policymaking and the role of the World Tourism Organization.
Originality. Bringing up the nature and essence of tourism, its unfulfilled promises, messages of the World Tourism Conference (1980) and the activities of international organizations.
Type of paper: Review paper based on the analysis of literature and reports of international organizations. (original abstract)
Pełny tekst
Pokaż
Bibliografia
Pokaż
  1. ATES (2021), Manifesto for Fair and Equitable Tourism (Manifeste pour le tourisme equitable & solidaire), March 2021. Online: https://isto.international/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Manifesto-for-fair-and-solidarity-tourism_ATES_2021_BD.pdf (10 Jun. 2023).
  2. Bianchi R.V., Stephenson M.L. (2014), Tourism and Citizenship. Rights, Freedoms and Responsibilities in the Global Order, Routledge.
  3. Crosby A.W. (1986), Ecological Imperialism. The Biological Expansion of Europe, 900-1900. Cambridge University Press, 1986.
  4. CEPA (2006), Definition of Basic Concepts and Terminologies in Governance and Public Administration. Committee of Experts on Public Administration (CEPA) , (E/C.16/2006/4), New York Online: https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/566603 (10 Jun. 2023).
  5. EU (2000), Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union.(2000/C 364/01) Online: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/charter/pdf/text_en.pdf (10 Jun. 2023).
  6. EU (2006). Directive 2006/123 on services in the internal market (free circulation of services), para. 33. Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUr-iServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2006:376:0036:0068:en:PDF (10 Jun. 2023).
  7. EU (2010), Europe, the world`s No. 1 tourist destination - a new political framework for tourism in Europe. European Commission communication (COM(2010) 352 final). Online: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52010DC0352 (10 Jun. 2023).
  8. Gates B. (2022), How to prevent the next pandemic, Penguin, Canada Online: https://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/704751/how-to-prevent-the-next-pandemic-by-bill-gates/ (10 Jun. 2023).
  9. G20 Bali Leaders (2022), G20 Bali Leaders Declaration, 15-16 November 2022. Online: https://www.g20.org/content/dam/gtwenty/gtwenty_new/about_g20/previous-summit-documents/2022-bali/G20%20Bali%20Leaders%27%20Declaration,%2015-16%20November%202022.pdf (10 Jun. 2023).
  10. G20 Los Cabos (2012), G20 Leaders Declaration, Los Cabos on 18-19 June 2012. Online: https://www.oitcinterfor.org/sites/default/files/file_general/G20_Leaders_Declaration_2012_1.pdf. (10 Jun. 2023).
  11. G20 TMM (2021), Supporting the recovery of travel and tourism. G20 Tourism Ministers Meeting Rome Communique, May 04, Online: https://www.g20.org/content/dam/gtwenty/about_g20/previous_summit_documents/2021/G20-Tourism-Communique-final.pdf (10 Jun. 2023).
  12. ILO (1990), Working Conditions in Hotels, Restaurants and Similar Establishments. C172 Working Conditions (Hotels and Restaurants) Convention, 1990 (No.172). Online: https://labordoc.ilo.org/discovery/fulldis-play/alma994956546002676/41ILO_INST:41ILO_V2 (10 Jun. 2023).
  13. ISO (2022), Tourism and related services - Sustainable tourism - Principles, vocabulary and model. ISO23405:2022. Online: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:23405:ed-1:v1:en (10 Jun. 2023).
  14. Helliwell J.F., Layard R., Sachs J. (eds.), (2012). World Happiness Report 2012. New York: UN Sustainable Development Solutions Network. Online: https://worldhappiness.report/ed/2012/ (10 Jun. 2023).
  15. Libera K. (1969), International Movement of Persons [Międzynarodowy Ruch Osobowy - in Polish], Państwowe Wydawnictwo Ekonomiczne, Warsaw.
  16. Lopez Letón S. L. (2022), Vivir a cuerpo de rey: todos los servicios que tienen los ricos, (El País, Madrid, Spain, 22 May 2022. Online: https://elpais.com/economia/negocios/2022-05-21/vivir-a-cuerpo-de-rey-todos-los-servicios-que-tienen-los-ricos.html (10 Jun. 2023).
  17. Manila Declaration A (1980), Manila Declaration on World Tourism. The World Tourism Conference, Manila, Philippines, from 27 September to 10 October 1980. Online: https://www.univeur.org/cuebc/downloads/PDF%20carte/65.%20Manila.PDF (10 Jun. 2023).
  18. Nasar S. (2011), Grand Pursuit: The Story of Economic Genius, Simon & Schuster, New York. Online: https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fan-dd/2011/12/PDF/books.pdf (10 Jun. 2023).
  19. OECD (2008),The Tourism Economy and Globalisation, High Level Meeting of the OECD Tourism Committee, 9-10 October 2008, Riva del Garda, Italy. Online: https://www.oecd.org/cfe/tourism/highleveloecdtourismcommitteemeeting.htm (10 Jun. 2023).
  20. OSCE (1975),Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe. Final Act. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE). Publication Date, 1 August 1975. Online: https://www.osce.org/files/f/documents/5/c/39501.pdf (10 Jun. 2023).
  21. Shackleford P. (2020), A History of the World Tourism Organization, Emerald Publishing Limited, Bingley, UK.
  22. SIPRI (2022), Environment of Peace, Security in a New Era of Risk, Stockholm International Peace Research Institute Stockholm, 2022. Online: https://www.sipri.org/sites/default/files/2022-05/environment_of_peace_security_in_a_new_era_of_risk_0.pdf (10 Jun. 2023).
  23. Sloterdijk P. (2005), Im Weltinnenraum des Kapitals: Für einephilosophische Theorie der Globalisierung [In the World interior of Capital: For a Philosophical Theory of Globalisation (in German)] Suhrkamp Verlag.
  24. Stiglitz J.E. , Sen A., Fitoussi J-P. (2009), Report by the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress. Online: https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/8131721/8131772/Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi-Commission-report.pdf (10 Jun. 2023).
  25. Twain (1869). The Innocents Abroad or the New Pilgrim's Progress. Online: https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3176/3176-h/3176-h.htm (9 Jun. 2023).
  26. UN (2015), Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development; Sustainable Development Goals, General Assembly resolution A/RES/70/1, 2015. Online: https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/21252030%20Agenda%20for%20Sustainable%20Development%20web.pdf (10 Jun. 2023).
  27. UN (2016), Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 22 December 2015 [on the report of the Second Committee (A/70/470/Add.1)] 70/186. Consumer protection. Online: https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ares70d186_en.pdf (10 Jun. 2023).
  28. UN (2022), Putting sustainable and resilient tourism at the heart of an inclusive recovery High-Level Thematic Debate. Online: https://www.un.org/pga/76/wp-content/uploads/sites/101/2022/06/HLTD-on-Tourism-Summary.pdf (10 Jun. 2023).
  29. UNCTAD (2021)COVID-19 and Tourism. An Update. Assessing the economic consequences, United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, June 2021. Online: https://unctad.org/system/files/official-document/ditcinf2021d3_en_0.pdf (10 Jun. 2023).
  30. UNDP (2022), Human Development Report 2021/2022, Uncertain times, unsettled lives. Shaping our future in a transforming world, 2022, p. 15/3. Online: https://www.undp.org/egypt/publications/human-development-report-2021-22-uncertain-times-unsettled-lives-shaping-our-future-transforming-world (10 Jun. 2023).
  31. UNEP (2020),High energy intensity (energy footprint/money spent by consumer), high income-elasticity of demand (luxury consumption). Emissions Gap ReportOnline EGR20ch6.pdf. Online: https://www.unep.org/emissions-gap-report-2020 (10 Jun. 2023).
  32. UNESCO (1995), Culture and development: a life worth living. Online: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000104497 (10 Jun. 2023).
  33. UNESCO, WCCD (1996), Our creative diversity: report of the World Commission on Culture and Development, World Commission on Culture and Development. Online: https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000101651 (10 Jun. 2023).
  34. UNIDO (2000), Industry and Trade in a Global Economy with Special Reference to Sub-Saharan Africa, Viena. Online: https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/2009-04/Industry_and_trade_in_a_global_economy_with_special_reference_to_subSaharan_Africa_0.pdf (10 Jun. 2023).
  35. UNWTO (WTO/OMT), (1994), Recommendations on Tourism Statistics. Summarized version. Online: https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publication/seriesm/seriesm_83e.pdf (10 Jun. 2023).
  36. UNWTO (2009), General Assembly document A/18/8. 18th General Assembly (Documents in English) Astana (Kazakhstan), 2-9 October 2009. Volume 2009, Issue 1, July 2009. Online: https://www.e-unwto.org/toc/unwto-gad/2009/1 (10 Jun. 2023).
  37. UNWTO (2012), Tourism and Intangible Cultural Heritage, World Tourism Organization, Madrid. Online: https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284414796 (10 Jun. 2023).
  38. UNWTO (2017), Convention on the Protection of Tourists and on the Rights and Obligations of Tourism Service Providers. COM (2017)60. Online: https://www.eumonitor.eu/9353000/1/j9vvik7m1c3gyxp/vkd2qajb8xzd (10 Jun. 2023).
  39. UNWTO (2021), General Assembly A/RES/728(XXIV). RESOLUTION - Provisional agenda. Resolutions Adopted by The General Assembly at its twenty-fourth session. Online: https://webunwto.s3.eu-west-1.ama-zonaws.com/s3fs-public/2021-12/A24_Resolutions_En_8.pdf?ty8QQro-HUzrFT0a9F2uytuuzpxXJ4fqD (10 Jun. 2023).
  40. UNWTO, UNESCO (2009), Sustainable Tourism Management at World Heritage Sites. Enhancing Inter-agency Coordination for Joint Action. , World Tourism Organization, Madrid. Online: https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/book/10.18111/9789284413010 (10 Jun. 2023).
  41. UNWTO, UNEP (2019), Baseline Report on the integration of Sustainable Consumption and Production Patterns into Tourism Policies, World Tourism Organization, United Nations Environment Programme, June 2019. Online: https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/epdf/10.18111/9789284420605 (10 Jun. 2023).
  42. Wohlmuther, Wintersteiner W. (eds.) (2014), International Handbook on Tourism and Peace, Centre for Peace Research and Peace Education of the Klagenfurt University/Austria, Drava, 2014 (in cooperation with the World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). Online: https://www.e-un-wto.org/doi/epdf/10.18111/9783854357131 (10 Jun. 2023).
  43. WTO (1995), General Agreement on Trade in Services, World Trade Organization. Online: https://www.wto.org/english/tratop_e/serv_e/gatsintr_e.htm (10 Jun. 2023).
  44. WTO (1999), Global Code of Ethics for Tourism . World Tourism Organization. Online: https://www.unwto.org/global-code-of-ethics-for-tourism (10 Jun. 2023).
  45. https://www.eumonitor.eu/9353000/1/j9vvik7m1c3gyxp/vkd2qajb8xzd
  46. https://www.unwto.org/background-of-the-international-code-for-the-protection-of-tourists*
  47. https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/tourism-climate-change-carbon-emissions-global-warming-flying-cars-trans-port-a8338946.html
  48. https://www.unep.org/news-and-stories/story/coronavirus-chance-reshape-how-we-travel
  49. https://quoteinvestigator.com/2010/05/26/everything-counts-einstein/
  50. https://www.unwto.org/event/general-assembly-twenty-fourth-session
  51. https://hdr.undp.org/data-center/human-development-index#/indicies/HDI
  52. www.osce.org
  53. https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights
  54. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-economic-social-and-cultural-rights
  55. https://www.gutenberg.org/files/3176/3176-h/3176-h.htm
  56. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detail/en/SPEECH_22_5349
  57. https://www.socialeurope.eu/how-to-promote-green-industry-beyond-subsidies
  58. https://www.uitp.org/eu-funding-opportunities-for-public-transport/recovery-and-resilience-facility-rrf/
  59. https://eturbonews.com/wttc-saudi-stgc-reveal-climate-footprint-of-eutourism/
Cytowane przez
Pokaż
ISSN
0867-3888
Język
eng
URI / DOI
http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0053.7480
Udostępnij na Facebooku Udostępnij na Twitterze Udostępnij na Google+ Udostępnij na Pinterest Udostępnij na LinkedIn Wyślij znajomemu