BazEkon - Biblioteka Główna Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego w Krakowie

BazEkon home page

Meny główne

Autor
Karimi Sirvan (York University)
Tytuł
The Democratisation Failure in the Middle East: Causes and Prospects
Niepowodzenie demokratyzacji na Bliskim Wschodzie: przyczyny i perspektywy
Źródło
International Studies : Interdisciplinary Political and Cultural Journal, 2022, vol. 29, nr 1, s. 27-48, bibliogr. 66 poz.
Słowa kluczowe
Demokracja, Liberalizm, Religia
Democracy, Liberalism, Religion
Uwagi
summ., streszcz.
Kraj/Region
Bliski Wschód
Middle East
Abstrakt
Wśród analityków i ekspertów ds. polityki bliskowschodniej utarło się, że szanse na powodzenie procesu demokratyzacji w tym regionie zależą od polityki zagranicznej Stanów Zjednoczonych i ich zachodnich sojuszników. W przeciwieństwie do dominujących interpretacji niepowodzenia demokratyzacji na Bliskim Wschodzie, w artykule przedstawiono argumenty na rzecz tezy o silnym zbiorczym wpływie na utrzymywanie się niesprzyjającego demokracji klimatu przez czynniki, takie jak historyczna skłonność lewicowych partii i organizacji do utożsamiania antyimperializmu z wrogością wobec liberalnych wartości, ograniczony zakres industrializacji oraz zaszczepiona na gruncie kulturowym i religijnym lojalność wobec rozbieżnych zasad. (abstrakt oryginalny)

It has almost become conventional wisdom among analysts and experts on Middle Eastern politics to relate the fate of the democratisation process and its failure in the region to the foreign policy platforms of the USA and its Western allies. Contrary to the prevailing interpretations of democratisation failure in the Middle East, it will be argued that the historical proclivity of leftist organisations and parties to conflate anti-imperialism with fostering hostility towards liberal values, the limited scope of industrialisation, and culturally and religiously ingrained competing loyalties are factors that have cumulatively made a significant contribution to the cultivation of a socio-political environment that is not receptive to democracy. (original abstract)
Pełny tekst
Pokaż
Bibliografia
Pokaż
  1. Abbas Zaidi, S. "Tribalism, Islamism, Leadership and the Assabiyyas". Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, 9.25 (2010): 133-154.
  2. Ahmari, S. "The Failure of Arab Liberals. How a Celebrated Freedom Movement Fostered the Success of an Islamic Order". Commentary May 2012. Web. 18.12.2021. https://www.commentarymagazine.com/articles/sohrab-ahmari/the-failure-of-arab-liberals/
  3. Al-Haj Saleh, Y. "The Syrian Cause and Anti-Imperialism". Al-Jumhuriya 24.02.2017. Web. 16.12.2021. https://www.aljumhuriya.net/en/content/syrian-cause-and-anti-imperialism
  4. Aydogan, B. "The Iraqi Kurds' Destructive Infighting: Causes and Consequences". LSE 15.04.2020. Web. 11.12.2012. https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/mec/2020/04/15/the-iraqi-kurds-destructive-infighting-causes-and-consequences/
  5. Ayubi, N. "Withered Socialism or Whether Socialism? The Radical Arab States as Populist-corporatist Regimes". Third World Quarterly, 13.1 (1992): 89-105. https://doi.org/10.1080/01436599208420264
  6. Basham, P., Preble, Ch. "The Trouble with Democracy in the Middle East". CATO Institute 30.11.2003. Web. 20.05.2021. https://www.cato.org/commentary/trouble-democracy-middle-east
  7. Bernstein, E. Evolutionary Socialism A Criticism and Affirmation. 1898. New York: Schocken Books, 1961.
  8. Bouzari, R. "Iranian Pseudo Anti-Imperialism". Open Democracy 18.10.2018. Web. 12.12.2021. https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/north-africa-west-asia/iranian-pseudo-anti-imperialism/
  9. Brownlee, J. Democracy Prevention: The Politics of the U.S.-Egyptian Alliance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139198721
  10. Bush, G.W. "From the Remarks by President George Bush at the 20th anniversary of the National Endowment for Democracy". The American Presidency Project 6.11.2003. Web. 12.12.2021. https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-the-20th-anniversary-the-national-endowment-for-democracy
  11. Bustani, H. "Dissonances of the Arab Left". Radical Philosophy, 184.1 (Mar/Apr 2014): 35-40. Web. 18.12.2021. https://www.radicalphilosophy.com/commentary/dissonances-of-the-arab-left
  12. Butt, A.I. "Why Did the United States Invade Iraq in 2003?". Security Studies, 28.2 (2019): 250-285. https://doi.org/10.1080/09636412.2019.1551567
  13. Chomsky, N. "The U.S. and Its Allies Will Do Anything to Prevent Democracy in the Arab World". Democracy Now 11.05.2011. Web. 17.12.2021. https://www.democracynow.org/2011/5/11/noam_chomsky_the_us_and_its
  14. Chomsky, N. "The West Is Terrified of Arabic Democracies". Interview by Qantara 17.06.2011. Web. 17.12.2021. https://chomsky.info/20110617/
  15. Cronin, S. "The left in Iran: illusion and disillusion". Middle Eastern Studies, 36.3 (2000): 231-243. https://doi.org/10.1080/00263200008701326
  16. Dahlum, S., Knutsen, C.H., Wig, T. "We Checked 100 Years of Protests in 150 Countries. Here's What We learned about the Working class and Democracy". Washington Post 24.10.2019. Web. 18.11.2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/10/24/we-checked-years-protests-countries-heres-what-we-learned-about-working-class-democracy/
  17. Djavadi, A. "The Difference Between a Marja and A Supreme Leader". Radio Free Europe 25.02.2010. Web. 14.05.2021. https://www.rferl.org/a/The_Difference_Between_A_Marja_And_A_Supreme_Leader/1968177.html
  18. Faleh, A.J., Dawood, H., eds. Tribes and power: nationalism and ethnicity in the Middle East. London: Saqi Books, 2003.
  19. Falk, R. "Trusting Khomeini". The New York Times 16.02.1979. Web. 28.10.2021. https://www.nytimes.com/1979/02/16/archives/trusting-khomeini.html
  20. Farhad, H.A. "The Political System in Iraqi Kurdistan: Party Rivalries and Future Perspectives". Asian Affairs, 49.4 (2018): 606-624. https://doi.org/10.1080/03068374.2018.1521120
  21. Fisher, M. "How Iran Became an Undemocratic Democracy". The New York Times 17.05.2017. Web. 14.12.20121. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/17/world/middleeast/iran-presidential-election-democracy.html
  22. Fukuyama, F. "Neo-Conservatism Has Evolved into Something that I Can no Longer Support". Guardian 22.02.2006. Web. 16.10.2021. https://www.almendron.com/tribuna/neoconservatism-has-evolved-into-something-i-can-no-longer-support/
  23. Fuller, G.E. "The Future of Political Islam". Foreign Affairs, 81.2 (2003): 48-60. https://doi.org/10.2307/20033083
  24. Gambill, C.G. "Democratization, the Peace, and Islamic Extremism". Middle East Intelligence Bulletin, 6.6-7 (June/July 2004). Web. 13.12.2021. https://www.meforum.org/meib/articles/0407_me1.htm
  25. Glavin, T. "From Syria to Iraq, Their Fight is our Fight, too. The State of Leftist Foreign Policy". The Centre for International Governance Innovation 2020. Web. 17.12.2021. https://www.opencanada.org/features/state-leftist-foreign-policy/
  26. Greene, T.M. Liberalism, Its Theory and Practice. Austin: The University of Texas Press, 1957.
  27. Gunter, M. "The Kurdish Question in Perspective". World Affairs, 66.4 (2004): 197-205. https://doi.org/10.3200/WAFS.166.4.197-205
  28. Halabi, Y. "Orientalism and US Democratization Policy in the Middle East". International Studies, 36.4 (1999): 376-392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020881799036004004
  29. Hamad, S. "How Noma Chomsky Betrayed Syrian People". Syria Deeply 14.04.2016. Web. 11.05.2021. https://www.newsdeeply.com/syria/community/2016/04/14/how-noam-chomsky-betrayed-the-syrian-people
  30. Hamid, S. "The Struggle for Middle East Democracy". Brookings 26.04.2011. Web. 17.12.2021. https://www.brookings.edu/articles/the-struggle-for-middle-east-democracy/
  31. Harman, Ch. "Iran: Revolution, Islamism, and the Left". Counterfire 25.06.2010. Web. 15.09.2021. https://www.counterfire.org/theory/37-theory/5709-iran-revolution-islamism-and-the-left
  32. Hensman, R. Indefensible: Democracy, Counterrevolution, and the rhetoric of Anti-Imperialism. Chicago, Illinois: Haymarket Books, 2018.
  33. Heywood, A. Politics. 3rd ed. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007.
  34. Hicks, A. Social Democracy and Welfare Capitalism: A century of Income Security Politics. Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1999. https://doi.org/10.7591/9781501721762
  35. Holleis, J. "Middle East: Are People Losing Their Religion?". Deutsche Wele 2.04.2021. Web. 14.08.2021. https://www.dw.com/en/middle-east-are-people-losing-their-religion/a-56442163
  36. Karimi, S. "Afghanistan Shows the U.S. Folly of Trying to Implant Democratic Institutions Abroad". The Conversation. Web. 29.09.2021. https://theconversation.com/afghanistan-shows-the-u-s-folly-of-trying-to-implant-democratic-institutions-abroad-167613
  37. Karimi, S. "Noam Chomsky, Edward Said, and the Left's False Anti-Imperialist Crusade" Merion West 26.10.2019. Web. 22.10.2021. https://merionwest.com/2019/10/26/noam-chomsky-edward-said-and-the-lefts-false-anti-imperialist-crusade/
  38. Katerji, Oz. "Dogmatic Anti-Imperialism: How the Left Learned the Wrong Lesson from Iraq". Politics 25.08.2020. Web. 17.12.2021. https://www.politics.co.uk/comment-analysis/2020/08/25/dogmatic-anti-imperialism-how-the-left-learned-the-wrong-lessons-from-iraq/
  39. Kuran, T. "Economic Underdevelopment in the Middle East: The Historical Roles of Culture, Institutions, and Religion". Afrique Contemporaine, 226.2 (2008): 31-54. https://doi.org/10.3917/afco.226.0031
  40. Kuran, T. "Why the Middle East is Economically Underdeveloped: Historical Mechanisms of Institutional Stagnation". Journal of Economic Perspectives, 18.3 (2004): 71-90. https://doi.org/10.1257/0895330042162421
  41. Lipset, M.S. "Some Social Requisites of Democracy: Economic Development and Political Legitimacy". APSA, 53.3 (1959): 69-105. https://doi.org/10.2307/1951731
  42. Macon-Conney, B. "The Industrial Revolution, Politics and Public Policy". Tony Blair Institute for Global Change 18.12.2019. Web. 11.12.2021. https://institute.global/policy/industrial-revolution-politics-and-public-policy
  43. MacPherson, C.B. The Real World of Democracy. 2nd ed. Toronto: House of Anansi Press, 1992.
  44. Neep, D. "Dilemmas of Democratization in the Middle East: The Forward Strategy of Freedom". Middle East Policy Journal, XJ.3 (Fall 2004): 73-84. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1061-1924.2004.00167.x
  45. Nozick, R. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. London: Wily-Blackwell, 2001.
  46. Nuri El-Amin, M. "The Role of International Communism in the Muslim World and in Egypt and the Sudan". British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 23.1 (1996): 29-53. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530199608705621
  47. Ottaway, M., Carothers, T. "Think Again: Middle East Democracy". Foreign Policy Journal, 1.10.2004. Web. 20.05.2021. https://foreignpolicy.com/2009/10/26/think-again-middle-east-democracy/
  48. Overbye, D. "How Islam Won and Lost the Lead in Science". The New York Times, 30.10.2000. Web. 11.09.2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/30/science/how-islam-won-and-lost-the-lead-in-science.html
  49. Pennock, R., Smith, D.G. Political Science: An Introduction. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1964.
  50. Plattner, M. "Liberalism and Democracy: Can't Have One without the Other". Foreign Affairs, 77.2 (1998): 171-180. https://doi.org/10.2307/20048858
  51. Quandt, W.B. "Religion and Politics in the Middle East and North Africa". Religion, State, and Society. Ed. R. Faton, P.K. Ramazani. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009: 155-169. https://doi.org/10.1057/9780230617865_9
  52. Rooksby, E. "The Relationship between Liberalism and Socialism". Science & Society, 76.4 (2012): 495-520. https://doi.org/10.1521/siso.2012.76.4.495
  53. Rubin, J. Rulers, Religion, and Riches: Why the West Got Rich and the Middle East Did Not. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781139568272
  54. Saeed, Y. "Corruption and Partisan Politics Can Bring Down the KRG". Aljazeera 1.03.2020. Web. 12.12.2021. https://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/corruption-partisan-politics-bring-krg-200301102406303.html
  55. Salzman, P.C. "The Middle East's Tribal DNA". Middle East Quarterly, 15.1 (2008): 23-33. Web. 14.12.2021. https://www.meforum.org/1813/the-middle-easts-tribal-dna
  56. Schaar, J. Legitimacy in the Modern State. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Books, 1981.
  57. Schumpeter, J. Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy. New York: Harper, 1944.
  58. Schwedler, J., Clark, J. "Shades of Islam Leftist and Islamist- Leftist Cooperation in the Arab World". ISIM Review, 18.1 (Autumn 2006): 10-11. Web. 13.12.2021. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/277095347_Islamist-Leftist_Cooperation_in_the_Arab_World#fullTextFileContent
  59. Sixsmith, B. "Anti-imperialism' and Apologetics for Murder". Quillette 15.09.2018. Web. 19.09.2021. https://quillette.com/2018/09/15/anti-imperialism-and-apologetics-for-murder/
  60. Smith, A. "Anti-Imperialism and the Syrian Revolution". Internationalist Socialist Organization 25.08.2016. Web. 17.12.2021. https://socialistworker.org/2016/08/25/anti-imperialism-and-the-syrian-revolution
  61. Smith, A. "Why the Left Has to Stand with Iranian's Uprising". International Socialist Organization 1.02.2018. Web. 12.09.2021. https://socialistworker.org/2018/02/01/why-the-left-has-to-stand-with-irans-uprising
  62. Tamimi, A.P., Maleki, A. "Iran's Secular Shift New Survey Reveals Huge Changes in Religious Beliefs". The Conservation 10.09.2020. Web. 14.12.2021. https://theconversation.com/irans-secular-shift-new-survey-reveals-huge-changes-in-religious-beliefs-145253
  63. Walzer, M. "Islamism and the Left". Dissent (Winter 2015). Web. 19.12.2021. https://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/islamism-and-the-left
  64. Wittes, T.C. "Order from Chaos: Iran's Revolution and the Problem of Autocratic Allies". Brookings 24.06.2019. Web. 10.12.2021. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2019/01/24/irans-revolution-and-the-problem-of-autocratic-allies/
  65. Zambelis, C. "The Strategic Implications of Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Middle East". US Army War College Quarterly, 35.3 (Autumn 2005): 87-102. https://doi.org/10.55540/0031-1723.2273
  66. Zarnett, D. "Edward Said and the Iranian Revolution". Dissent. Democratiya, 9 (Summer 2007): 53-52. Web. 11.12.2021. https://www.dissentmagazine.org/democratiya_article/edward-said-and-the-iranian-revolution
Cytowane przez
Pokaż
ISSN
2300-8695
Język
eng
URI / DOI
https://doi.org/10.18778/1641-4233.29.03
Udostępnij na Facebooku Udostępnij na Twitterze Udostępnij na Google+ Udostępnij na Pinterest Udostępnij na LinkedIn Wyślij znajomemu