- Autor
- Czulda Robert (Uniwersytet Łódzki)
- Tytuł
- Iran's Resistance Front Policy in the Strategic Calculations of the Russian Federation
Polityka irańskiego Frontu Oporu w strategicznych kalkulacjach Federacji Rosyjskiej - Źródło
- Eastern Review, 2023, vol. 12, nr 2, s. 81-102, bibliogr. 59 poz.
- Słowa kluczowe
- Polityka zagraniczna, Bezpieczeństwo, Geopolityka
Foreign policy, Security, Geopolitics - Uwagi
- streszcz., summ.
- Kraj/Region
- Iran, Rosja
Iran, Russia - Abstrakt
- Jednym z najważniejszych filarów geopolitycznych działań Iranu w regionie i poza nim jest koncepcja Osi Oporu. Stwarza ona możliwości rozszerzania wpływów i potęgi Teheranu oraz równoważenia jego wrogów jak najdalej od jego granic. Ta konfrontacyjna polityka w regionie nie jest jednak prowadzona w politycznej próżni. Ma ona wpływ nie tylko na podmioty regionalne, ale także na wiodące światowe mocarstwa. Rosja jest jednym z nich. Głównym celem niniejszego artykułu jest analiza podejścia Rosji do polityki irańskiego Frontu Oporu. Aby to osiągnąć, artykuł poruszy kilka kluczowych elementów, w tym irańską koncepcję Frontu Oporu, historyczną perspektywę podejścia Rosji do Iranu (po zimnej wojnie) oraz ograniczenia wsparcia Kremla dla polityki Teheranu. (abstrakt oryginalny)
One of the most important pillars of Iran's geopolitical activities in the region and beyond is the Axis of Resistance concept. It creates opportunities to expand Tehran's influence and power as well as counter-balance its enemies as far from its borders as possible. However, this confrontational policy in the region is not carried out in a po-litical vacuum. It impacts not only regional actors, but also the world's leading powers. Russia is one of them. The primary objective of this article is to analyse Russia's approach towards Iran's Resistance Front policy. To achieve this, the paper will touch upon several crucial elements, including the Iranian concept of the Resistance Front, the historical per-spective of Russia's approach to Iran (after the Cold War), and limitations of the Kremlin's support to Tehran's policy. (original abstract) - Pełny tekst
- Pokaż
- Bibliografia
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- Cytowane przez
- ISSN
- 1427-9657
- Język
- eng
- URI / DOI
- https://doi.org/10.18778/1427-9657.12.12






